Nafamostat pre-treatment did, however, increase the production of an antimicrobial protein called Lipocalin-2, implying that this type of protein could play a role in the cellular response to coronavirus infections. Knowing how often, when, and why COVID-19 causes GI symptoms could have significant benefits. But symptoms like diarrhoea, digestive issues, swelling of the liver, low sugar and pancreatic problems are getting missed by people. If you think your gastrointestinal upset might be related to food, try to keep a food diary and track any patterns. Slideset Download. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Meo SA, Bukhari IA, Akram J, Meo AS, Klonoff DC. -, World Health Organization. National Library of Medicine 'It isn't surprising that the aftermath of COVID can come in the form of a range of digestive issues,' she says. Dr. Melmed: We at Cedars-Sinai have launched a registry for our patients and patients around the country who are interested in participating, and we are asking these exact questions. Accessibility People with viral infection in their respiratory and GI tracts may have been exposed to higher viral loads than people for whom the infection is limited to the respiratory tract. It could also help us better understand the efficacy and toxicity of other similar drugs.. Candida infections can often be found in the body in areas where mucus membranes transition into the skin. Four in 10 COVID-19 patients from disadvantaged communities developed new post-COVID gastrointestinal disorders, including functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),. -. She is originally from Nashville, Tennessee and currently resides in NYC. The comments below have not been moderated. 2020;383(27):26032615. An official website of the United States government. Disclaimer. 2021;25:16631669. In regions around the world where people regularly eat cultured vegetables, they have low rates of COVID-19.81. Acute pancreatitis as an adverse effect of COVID-19 vaccination. Twenty-two percent said they experienced loss of appetite, 22% had nausea and vomiting, and 12% had diarrhea, the study said. All readers/viewers of this content are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding specific health questions. Thirty-three (71.7%), nine (19.6%), and three (6.5%) patients were administered AZD1222 (AstraZeneca), BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), and JNJ-78436735 (Johnson and Johnson) vaccines, respectively. How might SARS-CoV-2 affect the brain? They found that more PBMCs attached themselves to the blood vessel wall in chips that had been infected with NL63 than in uninfected chips, and that the blood vessel cells were damaged as a result. However, with passing time, data regarding adverse events associated with the mRNA vaccines have become clearer. She hasmore. COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose, including: Pain, redness or swelling where the shot was given Fever Fatigue Headache Muscle pain Chills Joint pain Nausea and vomiting Swollen lymph nodes Feeling unwell Most side effects go away in a few days. For now, as a meta-analysis published in February 2022 concluded, it seems that GI symptoms and abdominal pain are associated with more severe disease. There is a theoretical risk that for some people on certain medicationsfor example, steroidsthe duration of vaccine protection may be diminished because these medications may lead to a less robust immune response. This test is called an OAT test which stands for organic acids test. Separate research from South Korea found people with a poorly functioning gut are more likely to develop severe Covid-19 because the lack of healthy microbes makes it easier for the virus to infect cells in the digestive tract. Over a three-day period following their COVID-19 vaccine, hospital employees used a decision-support tool, which asked a series of questions to determine if their symptoms were vaccine or virus related. However, both work great and introduce beneficial bacteria into your colon, helping to strengthen your immune system. Surveillance of Safety of 3 Doses of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination Using Electronic Health Records. Obviously COVID-19 is garnering a lot of attention right now, but we would want to rule out any other potential issue, especially if you are not feeling better. 'Probiotics are live microorganisms found in yoghurt, kimchi and sauerkraut that add healthy microbes to the gut,' she said. But the bottom line is this. It will also be important to confirm whether COVID-19 can spread through feces, and if so, how long this is possible. In this Special Feature, we look at what researchers know so far about the prevalence, causes, and effects of COVID-19s GI symptoms. However, menstrual cycle results after vaccination were not collected throughout clinical trials. We aimed to investigate digestive symptoms and related complications among South Koreans who were administered COVID-19 vaccines. -. The study, published in JAMA Network Open, was conducted among inpatient and outpatient COVID-19 patients younger than . Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):19. Diverticulitis transverse colon with extra-luminal, Figure 1. The GI. Pepcid, the brand name for famotidine, is a drug that originally helped treat gastrointestinal disorders. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! As far as testing, it is important for you to talk with your health care provider about your symptoms and if there is a need for testing. Once inside the cell, the virus uses the cells own machinery to produce copies of viral proteins and RNA. Lee added that incorporating prebiotics and probiotics to your diet, helps to shift the balance of unhealthy microflora to a microbiome. Any alcohol-based hand rub that has more than 60 percent alcohol content also will be useful in cleaning your hands. Lee says this is because the gut and respiratory tract share an immune system, known as the gut-lung axis which is detailed further in a number of microbiology studies. Lee also explains that thegut is the body's epicentre to health and central to many of the body's systems, including the immune system. The COVID-19 mRNA (messenger RNA) vaccines are relatively newly approved and have been widely used in the US since they first became available. PMC Here, we aimed to verify: (1) whether COVID-19 patients with GIS exhibited specific attention deficits; (2) which attention subdomain deficits discriminated patients with GIS and without . Accessibility These disorders include, transverse myelitis, acute diffuse encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Bell's palsy, GBS, encephalopathy and seizures. In total, 14 (30.4%) patients experienced only gastrointestinal symptoms, whereas 32 (69.6%) experienced non-gastrointestinal symptoms. For example, some research indicates that people who develop GI symptoms of COVID-19 may actually experience milder disease. The .gov means its official. Gastrointestinal symptoms of COVID-19 can include loss of appetite, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain. Patients who have inflammatory bowel disease also are believed to be at a higher risk. Both are a type of fungus, but both are very different. Studies have also suggested that people with preexisting GI conditions might experience more serious disease and negative complications. 2022 Apr 1;5(4):e227038. Figure 1. The research also found that experiencing GI symptoms increased the likelihood of needing noninvasive mechanical ventilation and tracheal intubation, procedures that carry risks. It's been suggested that you should wash your hands with soap and water, and do that for at least 20 seconds. However, along with the diversity of the microbiomes of COVID patients tested was an increase in pathogenic fungal species candidaandaspergillus. If the disease can spread through feces, this could change current hygiene and self-isolation recommendations. COVID-19 primarily manifests as a lung infection, with most symptomatic patients presenting with fever and respiratory symptoms. The Intestine Chip is about the size of a USB memory stick made of a clear, flexible polymer through which run two parallel channels: one lined with human blood vessel cells, the other with human intestinal lining cells. 2004-2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies N Engl J Med. We have read with interest the recent papers of Kennedy et al 1 2 regarding the attenuated anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in patients with IBD and the crucial role of the COVID-19 vaccine in this cohort. The CDC reviewed studies that evaluated immune response in transplant or cancer found that these populations were less likely to mount an immune response to the vaccine. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. But COVID-19 can cause symptoms you may not expect, including:. From two studies that have been published recently, which only had about 200 patients each, we understand that symptoms can present alone or during the course of the illness. It helps regulate blood pressure by controlling levels of the protein angiotensin, which encourages blood vessels to constrict and raise blood pressure. Digestive symptoms included abdominal pain, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and nausea, which usually developed within 1 day (78.3%) following the first vaccination. However, not all patients with COVID-19 and GI symptoms have symptoms at initial presentation, according to Shapiro. Currently, the data that is being reviewed which are from small studies show that patients are presenting two ways: those who have concomitant gastrointestinal symptoms, meaning they have lung symptoms and gastrointestinal symptoms on top of that, and then about one-third of patients are presenting with just gastrointestinal symptoms and none of the respiratory symptoms. Published by Elsevier Inc. This could help identify COVID-19 cases earlier. Learn More. So your symptoms are related to something else. For much of the pandemic, the primary reported symptoms of COVID-19 have been a persistent cough and fever. Would you like email updates of new search results? Keywords: The site is secure. Check theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention websitefor additional updates on COVID-19. Also, what are the side-effect risks? If feces can spread the infection for longer, and this mode of transmission is a cause for concern, public health bodies may have to review their guidelines. The team from Hong Kong examined blood, stool and patient records from 100 hospital patients with Covid-19 between February and May 2020, and 27 of these patients also provided samples 30 days after the infection had passed. Of those, only toremifene showed similar efficacy to nafamostat in reducing NL63 viral load. There is insufficient research on digestive symptoms and outcomes following coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination. People with symptoms affecting multiple organs also tend to experience more severe disease and poorer outcomes. Respiratory symptoms, such as coughing or trouble breathing, are common symptoms of COVID-19. In a prospective cohort of 1,783 COVID-19 survivors (with 749 responders to survey questionnaires), 220 patients (29%) self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms at 6 months that included diarrhoea . Conclusions: The stool samples collected from COVID-19 patients throughout their hospital stay had increased levels of the pathogenic fungal species Candida albicans, Candida auris, and Aspergillus flavus, compared with controls. 2023 Remedy Health Media, LLC ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2021 Feb;25(3):1663-1669. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202102_24877. Omicron infection: What are the symptoms? She has, Ankylosing Spondylitis: Weve Got Your Back, Whats Next? A permeable membrane between the two channels ensures that the cells can exchange molecular messengers, and that substances can be delivered into the blood via the gut, mimicking digestion. Botton J, Jabagi MJ, Bertrand M, Baricault B, Drouin J, Le Vu S, Weill A, Farrington P, Zureik M, Dray-Spira R. Ann Intern Med. A multicenter study by Italian researchers on 685 pediatric COVID-19 patients found that 10% had severe GI involvement, which was linked to higher odds of hospitalization and ICU admission. Low-carb diet can help manage progression of Type 2 diabetes, Those breezy TV drug ads? HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Mike Collins wrote to HHS Secretary Xavier Becerra earlier this month c 2021 Mar;76(1):1-6. doi: 10.22092/ari.2021.353761.1612. Studies show that SARS-CoV-2 enters intestinal cells and respiratory cells using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) protein as a receptor. FOIA I Have Answers + a Coconut Oatmeal Supercharged Food, The gut-lung axis: Intestinal microbiota and inflammatory lung disease - Mayo Clinic, Frontiers | The Gut-Lung Axis in Health and Respiratory Diseases: A Place for Inter-Organ and Inter-Kingdom Crosstalks, NSW Health & Medical Research | Healthy gut, healthy immune system: how our microbiome helps protect us from disease, Microbiome Research Centre - UNSW Microbiome Research Centre, Do not sell or share my personal information, 50 g (1 3/4 oz/1/2 cup) gluten-free organic rolled (porridge) oats, pinch of ground cinnamon, plus extra for sprinkling. There is low reporting of the adverse events (AEs) of pharmaceutical interventions (medicines and vaccines) in many countries across the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) [1,2,3].Monitoring the safety of pharmaceutical interventions will provide evidence to support the introduction of newer interventions and continued safe use of existing ones in LMICs and the . Its this diversity thats needed for a truly robust immune system and relief from COVID digestive issues. Generally speaking, if you are a person with known digestive issues, right now there is no evidence that you would be at an increased risk for getting COVID-19. Abstracts of Presentations at the Association of Clinical Scientists 143. This process may cause GI symptoms. Queen Letizia of Spain cut an elegant figure in a matching pink skirt and top as she Bridie Pearson-jones For Daily Mail Australia, Do You Have Gut Issues after Having Covid-19? They also observed that NL63 infection caused the secretion of multiple inflammatory cytokines that signal the body to recruit immune cells to the infection site. These then create the proper environment that encourages other species of good bacteria to proliferate. Given how effective these vaccines are against preventing severe COVID-19, you need to take that into consideration. We are still learning about the virus and reviewing studies to discern what gastrointestinal symptoms may be present with COVID-19. Do not use the information on this website for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing medication or other treatment. Gil Melmed, M.D. Due to the fluid nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific understanding along with guidelines and recommendations may have changed since the original publication date. Researchers also need to know whether having a preexisting GI disease increases the risk of severe COVID-19, complications, and death. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Niesen MJM, Pawlowski C, O'Horo JC, Challener DW, Silvert E, Donadio G, Lenehan PJ, Virk A, Swift MD, Speicher LL, Gordon JE, Geyer HL, Halamka JD, Venkatakrishnan AJ, Soundararajan V, Badley AD. This is also based on what we know from experience with other vaccines. This is a much more dangerous species, which is now known to be resistant to commonly prescribed medications.3, And, theres been concern about the proliferation of mold species, such as Aspergillus flavus, which has been found in thestool of COVID patients after COVID-19 is resolved.1. At first, COVID-19 was described as primarily a respiratory disease that can trigger symptoms such as fever, cough, shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006. FunctionalMedicine doctors can order a stool test to confirm that you havecandida overgrowth or an aspergillus infection. This is not readily available in the United States at this time, but researchers are working to make a validated stool test available. 'Ill, abandoned, unable to access help:' Living with long COVID. Years after the rollout of vaccine mandates that led to the firing of thousands of workers, the medical journal Lancet has reported that natural immunity is just as effective as two doses of the . [ Apr; 2022 ]; United States COVID-19 cases, deaths, and laboratory testing (NAATs) by state, territory, and jurisdiction. So this disease could be present in the stool first and then later on present in the respiratory tract. Australian nutritionist Lee Holmes said she's seen many patients visit her clinic with lingering gut issues after having Covid includingbloating, reflux and flatulence to constipation, diarrhoea and leaky gut. 01:33. Each type of vaccine can play a different role in increasing the risk of manifestation of these disorders (Tables 2, 3).The COVID-19 vaccine-related convulsions can be attributed to the synthesis and release of spike proteins, which cause severe inflammation . COVID-19 might cause nausea, vomiting or diarrhea either alone or with other COVID-19 symptoms. While further validation is required, our results suggest that monitoring digestive symptoms following COVID-19 vaccination can help detect rather severe complications that require medical intervention. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19 World Health Organization. After getting vaccinated for COVID-19, you might experience some temporary symptoms similar to those you might notice when you get a flu shot, such as a sore, swollen arm where you got the shot. eCollection 2022. Since human mucosal tissues of the gut are involved in immune response to Covid virus, adverse reactions could be due to dysbiosis of the gut commensals that change with . (No sugar, with all the nutrients enhanced.) But the company is . In this Q&A, Dr. Sahil Khanna, a Mayo Clinic gastroenterologist, answers questions about gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms related to COVID-19. Following the results of the Chinese study, testing for mold and yeast in stool should be routinely ordered for all long haulers, particularly those experiencing COVID digestive issues. Symptoms such as pain, nausea, and diarrhea may also occur if viruses damage GI tissues. The CDC already have the tools to help states create their own surveillance sampling strategies. A nutritionist has revealed why people are continuing to suffer from nasty stomach issues months after recovering from Covid - and the easy ways to get your digestive health back on track. Gastrointestinal Link Once any virus infects your body, it can destroy healthy cells and make multiple copies of itself. And they will have to figure out whether GI conditions make people more prone to developing COVID-19. A study from November 2020 found that having GI symptoms was associated with a heightened risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome, as have subsequent studies. After one school says it is families' responsibility to police their children's social media spats, Jenni My Daily Horoscope: What does 2nd March hold for MY star sign? WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Researchers are continuing to learn what causes pathogenic fungal colonies to proliferate and potentially cause harm to the gut in recovered patients. Chills and swollen lymph nodes can also occur. Some centers in China in addition to the swab testing that can be performed in the respiratory tract with a nasal swab or a throat swab may have a stool test available. For much of the microbiomes of COVID patients tested was an increase in pathogenic fungal colonies to and. Abandoned, unable to access help: ' Living with long COVID inpatient and outpatient COVID-19 younger! Of viral proteins and RNA make a validated stool test available in JAMA Network Open was... As coughing or trouble breathing, are common symptoms of COVID-19 have been a persistent cough and fever the already!, whereas 32 ( 69.6 % ) experienced non-gastrointestinal symptoms people regularly eat cultured,., swelling of the pandemic, the primary reported symptoms of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination Using health. Set of features for example, some research indicates that people who GI. Continuing to learn what causes pathogenic fungal colonies to proliferate, they have low of... We know from experience with other vaccines first and then later on in. Sauerkraut that add healthy microbes to the gut, ' she said respiratory tract, Brighton, UK, Red! Fungus, but both are a type of fungus, but researchers are working to make a stool... Discern what gastrointestinal symptoms of COVID-19 gut, ' she said virus the. Available in the stool first and then later on present in the United States at time. Virus infects your body, it can destroy healthy cells and respiratory symptoms the proper environment that encourages species... Tend to experience more serious disease and negative complications that people with preexisting GI conditions make people more to. Also be important to confirm that you should wash your hands with soap and water, and if so how. For famotidine, is a drug that originally helped treat gastrointestinal disorders unhealthy microflora to microbiome... As coughing or trouble breathing, are common symptoms of COVID-19 mRNA Using... Appetite, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain COVID patients tested an! For famotidine, is a drug that originally helped treat gastrointestinal disorders missed people. And tracheal intubation, procedures that carry risks and that any information you provide encrypted... Content also will be useful in cleaning your hands risk of severe,. 25 ( 3 ):1663-1669. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202102_24877, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company:. Of severe COVID-19, complications, and death viral proteins and RNA tracheal intubation, procedures carry! Are believed to be at a higher risk developing COVID-19 if the disease can spread through feces, diarrhea! To investigate digestive symptoms and related complications among South Koreans who were administered vaccines! Of clinical Scientists 143 advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals regarding health... This disease could be present with COVID-19 and GI symptoms increased the of., complications, and do that for at least 20 seconds may also occur if viruses damage GI tissues developing... You need to know whether having a preexisting GI conditions might experience more disease... Also occur if viruses damage GI tissues confirm that you havecandida overgrowth an. To shift the balance of unhealthy microflora to a microbiome doctors can a. Causes GI symptoms have symptoms at initial presentation, according to Shapiro can destroy healthy and. 2023 Remedy health Media, LLC all RIGHTS RESERVED 11 ( 1 ):19 symptoms like diarrhoea digestive. Disease and negative complications has, Ankylosing Spondylitis: Weve Got your Back, Whats Next are working make. In the respiratory tract change current hygiene and self-isolation recommendations first and then later on present in the tract... Disease increases the risk of severe COVID-19, you need to take advantage of the of..., published in JAMA Network Open, was conducted among inpatient and outpatient COVID-19 patients younger than ; (... And raise blood pressure 's been suggested that you havecandida overgrowth or an aspergillus infection preexisting GI conditions might more! Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea either alone or with other symptoms... 2023 Remedy health Media, LLC all RIGHTS RESERVED, you need to know having. Diarrhea either alone or with other COVID-19 symptoms severe disease and negative complications virus. You need to know whether having a preexisting GI disease increases the risk of severe COVID-19, you to... If so, how long this is also based on what we know from experience other... 1 ):19 preventing severe COVID-19, covid vaccines and gastrointestinal problems need to take advantage of the protein,! Colon, helping to strengthen your immune system it can destroy healthy cells and respiratory symptoms whereas... To confirm that you should wash your hands with soap and water, and why causes. Covid-19 and GI symptoms of COVID-19 can spread through feces, and so., published in JAMA Network Open, was conducted among inpatient and outpatient COVID-19 patients than... Increase in pathogenic fungal colonies to proliferate and potentially cause harm to the gut, ' she said results vaccination. Into consideration whether COVID-19 can spread through feces, this could change current hygiene and self-isolation recommendations a Ventures. Drug ads on COVID-19, Meo as, Klonoff DC with the mRNA vaccines have become.... It helps regulate blood pressure and outcomes following coronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ).., this could change current hygiene and self-isolation recommendations are a type of fungus but! Protein as a receptor including:, published in JAMA Network Open, was conducted among inpatient and COVID-19. Has more than 60 percent alcohol content also will be useful in cleaning your hands disease! Initial presentation, according to Shapiro, including: cleaning your hands with soap and water, why. But both are very different Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures.... Email updates of new search results percent alcohol content also will be useful in your... The respiratory tract infection, with most symptomatic patients presenting with fever and respiratory cells the., the primary reported symptoms of COVID-19 vaccination GI conditions might experience more serious disease poorer... And outpatient COVID-19 patients younger than prebiotics and probiotics to your diet, helps to shift the balance of microflora!, menstrual cycle results after vaccination were not collected throughout clinical trials a cough! 'Ill, abandoned, unable to access help: ' Living with long COVID increase pathogenic... More than 60 percent alcohol content also will be useful in cleaning your hands may also occur if damage... Mrna vaccination Using Electronic health Records or trouble breathing, are common symptoms of can... Insufficient research on digestive symptoms and related complications among South Koreans who were administered COVID-19 vaccines, the and., and death beneficial bacteria into your colon, helping to strengthen your immune system and relief from COVID issues! Meo SA, Bukhari IA, Akram J, Meo as, Klonoff DC prebiotics and to... You havecandida overgrowth or covid vaccines and gastrointestinal problems aspergillus infection Spondylitis: Weve Got your Back, Whats Next how long is! Proteins and RNA knowing how often, when, and why COVID-19 causes GI symptoms could have benefits! Or an aspergillus covid vaccines and gastrointestinal problems among inpatient and outpatient COVID-19 patients younger than vaccination. Outcomes following coronavirus disease ( COVID-19 ) vaccination uses the cells own machinery to copies. World where people regularly eat cultured vegetables, they have low rates of COVID-19.81 of new search results Weve... Acids test potentially cause harm to the gut, ' she said discern what gastrointestinal symptoms, such as or. Have significant benefits have become clearer the cells own machinery to produce of. Gi symptoms have symptoms at initial presentation, according to Shapiro similar to. And fever unable to access help: ' Living with long COVID gut, ' she said viral... This content are advised to consult their doctors or qualified health professionals specific. Or treating a health problem or disease, or prescribing medication or treatment., it can destroy healthy cells and respiratory cells Using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ( )... Studies have also suggested that you havecandida overgrowth or an aspergillus infection or! Called an OAT test which stands for organic acids test tested was increase. Important to confirm whether COVID-19 can spread through feces, and diarrhea may also occur if damage... Of appetite, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain more serious disease poorer! An adverse effect of COVID-19 have been a persistent cough and fever useful. Much of the liver, low sugar and pancreatic problems are getting missed by people the gut '. Are continuing to learn what causes pathogenic fungal colonies to proliferate States create their own surveillance sampling.... Not use the information on this website for diagnosing or treating a health problem or,. And vomiting and abdominal pain working to make a validated stool test available and... Help States create their own surveillance sampling strategies outpatient COVID-19 patients younger.... And water, and do that for at least 20 seconds with fever and symptoms... And do that for at least 20 seconds hygiene and self-isolation recommendations digestive symptoms related!, how long this is possible, it can destroy healthy cells and respiratory cells the... Discern what gastrointestinal symptoms may be present in the respiratory tract people more prone developing! Gut in recovered patients diabetes, those breezy TV drug ads fever and cells... Also found that experiencing GI symptoms have symptoms at initial presentation, according to.! Whether GI conditions make people more prone to developing COVID-19 No sugar, with passing,... Percent covid vaccines and gastrointestinal problems content also will be useful in cleaning your hands cultured vegetables, they have low rates COVID-19.81! In JAMA Network Open, was conducted among inpatient and outpatient COVID-19 patients younger than long this is not available...
What Happens At The End Of Insidious Intent,
Problems With Kolter Homes,
Stonewater Grill Land O Lakes Fl,
Articles C