The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (Latin: imperium Francorum), was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the third to the tenth century.The Frankish realm was ruled as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. When Columbus returned from this "New World," Ferdinand and Isabella asked Pope Alexander VI to recognize Spain's authority over these new lands. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. Game Guide. In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: Apr 15th 2021 France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? He led an army of 37,000 men against a Spanish army of equal numbers. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. Edward began to lose support, even in the house of York. Hawkins opened up English trade with the islands in the Caribbean Sea in the New World, and Drake circumnavigated (sailed around) the globe between 1577 and 1580. The three main conflicts were the Edwardian War (134060), won by English king Edward III; the Caroline War (136989), won by French king Charles V (13371380; ruled 136480); and the Lancastrian War (141535), won by French king Charles VII (14031461; ruled 142261). Government and church officials then debated what to do about Moriscos in the rest of Spain. He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. Edward was returned to the throne. The next in line was their daughter Joanna (14791555), who was married to Philip I of Austria (14781506), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Ferdinand and Isabella had arranged the marriage in order to form an alliance with the Habsburgs (the royal family of Austria) and encircle the territory around their enemy, France. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. However, the date of retrieval is often important. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. Along the way, these explorers laid claim to much of North and South America for the Spanish king. Philip III reigned during a glorious Renaissance period that produced such great figures as the novelist Miguel de Cervantes (15471616), the dramatist Lope de Vega (15621635), and the painters El Greco (15411614) and Francisco de Zubarn (15981664). Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. There have been hundreds, if not thousands, of different kingdoms throughout history. He was married to the English princess Philippa of Lancaster. Once the thriving center of sea trade on the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia and its capital city Barcelona had been declining since the middle of the fifteenth century. Nevertheless, his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. locations. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Henry and his advisers were fearful of a Catholic attempt to invade England. The king personally commanded English A: Francia . This development was disastrous for the Jews, who once again had to deal with discrimination under the Christians. His son Sebastian later conducted sea expeditions for both England and Spain. The reign of Louis's grandson, Philip IV (called Philip the Fair; 12681314; ruled 12851314), marked the supremacy of the French monarchy. John of Austria (1547-1578), the illegitimate half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, distinguished himself as a mil, The Rise of Falsafah: The Philosophical Tradition, The Rise of Biotechnology as Big Business, The Rise and Practice of Inoculation in the 1700s, The Rise and Fall of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire, The Rise of Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking, The Rise of Revolutionary Sentiment in France and Its Impact on the Theater, The Rise of Rome (3rd century bce to 2nd century ce, The Rise of the Appropriate Technology Movement, The Rise of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire. Which European wrote the first travelogue detailing China's history, culture, and art? Many of the natives near these garrisons were forced to convert to Christianity. The court paid small pensions (financial allowances for retired people) to the former monks and nuns, and larger ones to the former abbots and priors (heads of monasteries) who had cooperated in the closing of their houses. Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. Her You can also join with your friends to an alliance and thus have more strength of map control. Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. Vasco Nuez de Balboa (14751519) traveled across the Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Ponce de Len (14601521) searched for the mythical Fountain of Youth in Florida. Henry's son, Alfonso I (c. 11091185), became king and achieved independence for Portugal in 1143. At the top were kings, who owned the land. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas between these two countries moved the line farther west, to 370 leagues (about 988 miles, or 1,590 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde Islands. Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: . The humanist ideas associated with the English Renaissance had begun to filter into England before Henry took the throne but were firmly established only during his reign. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. Some had even entered the ranks of nobility. Ferdinand and Isabella also took over a municipal league known as the Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood), which had provided mutual assistance and protection to its members for several centuries. 1861. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. The English Parliament, the central law-making body of England, declared Edward to be King Edward IV in 1461 (ruled 146170 and 147183). In fact, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). The court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake. Joanna retired to a castle in Tordesillas, where she mourned her deceased husband until her own death in 1555. In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. French colonization and a thriving fur trade spread outward along the corridor of the Mississippi Valley, pushing as far west as the Rocky Mountains. The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. He also formed marriage alliances for his children with the royal families of England and the house of Habsburg (a royal family in Austria). A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen.A kingdom is often called a monarchy, which means that one person, usually inheriting their position by birth or marriage, is the leader, or head of state.. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of societies on Earth, dating back thousands of years. This method of punishment, which was introduced by the Inquisition (an official Catholic Church court charged with finding heretics) supposedly drove evil spirits out of the sinners (see "Inquisition" in Chapters 1 and 7). Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. Royal Family of Denmark. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. Many people supported Mary's restoration of the Catholic faith, believing that Edward's reign had gone too far in abolishing cherished ceremonies and beliefs. In 1337 Edward claimed the right to the throne through his mother's lineignoring the Salic Lawand named himself king of France. By 1529, Francis had signed the Treaty of Cambrai, which repeated the humiliating terms of the earlier Treaty of Madrid. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. Ferdinand became king of Aragon when his father, King John II (13971479; ruled 145879), died in 1479. In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. Edward's sister, Mary Tudor, would restore the Catholic faith because she had always been a Catholic. Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. In late 1520, Francis secretly backed an assault on Luxembourg the emperor's wishes. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. This feat would not happen until 1488 when the Portuguese seaman Bartolomeu Dias (c. 14501500) rounded what he called the Cape of Storms (known today as the Cape of Good Hope). Please use CTRL+F to search for questions as well as answer, this table contains both English and Vietnamese QA pairs: 1. The rivalry between the English and the French over the throne of France resulted in the Hundred Years' War (13371453; see also "England" section later in this chapter). Others proposed measures such as genocide (mass killings of members of a specific group) as well as the less extreme solution of deportation to the New World. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. For travelling duos (or trios, you saucy minx) there are plenty of cheap rooms in Sri Lanka too. Before leaving Spain in 1520, he appointed Adrian Florensz as regent of Spain. He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). In the south, the Italian peninsula was turned into a battleground. Still, the troubles between Protestants and Catholics in Europe did not go away. The uprising began when Dutch Protestants staged violent riots and smashed statues of Catholic saints. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. His strategy called for sending out two armies at once: one across the Alps (a mountain range on the border between Italy and Switzerland) and another across the Pyrenees (a mountain range on the border between France and Spain). Charles felt he now had the right to move into Naples. Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas in France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. 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